To the author of the New England Courant,

I am very much aware of the affects that any one Person's thoughts may have upon the Publick. Especially when brought to the Attention of many people, writings can be disagreeable and to a Certain Person. I, indeed not Anyone, has the ability to please All people while presenting one's own ideas. The various ways in which one thinks, cannot and will not, be the same for every Person. Some Certain idea may be pleasant to one individual, but then repulsive to Another. He who writes to All peoples intending to make them agree, will not Succeed in such ways of persuasion. One needs to have strong feeling and Connexion to whichever they will write of. The Writers and Thinkers alike will, at some Turn, have some Thought which is pleasing to some Person which opposed other thoughts. The One who will seek the approving of All peoples will in Turn be the One who does not teach a thing and in return, does not learn a thing.

From my Youth, I have been benevolently Studious to endeavor myself for a Better and more desirable Mind, as well as Knowledge, and to Understand more capably all things I Want. What I desire by this letter, is for some One or some Ones in the Publick to benefit from my small Stock of Knowledge. And, in Some Manner, be useful to many Minds in return.

Silence Dogood

Abstract: This paper will discuss what happened with the contact Native Americans and English settlers of Jamestown. It will look at the cultural changes that the Native Americans went through during this time and leading up to the American Revolution in 1776. Looking at different occurences during this time that changed the Native Americans because of European contact. References inlcude: The Earth Shall Weep by James Wilson, website http://www.dowdgen.com/dowd/document/pequots.html, http://www.teacheroz.com/colonies.htm#Native, and also classroom disscusions.

Native Americans & Jamestown Settlers

Revolutionary Changes

by Alex Butler

The establishment of Jamestown was the first English settlement in North America. It was located near what is today Williamsburg, Virginia and was established on May 14, 1607. The Powhatans were very suspicious of these new peoples. These settlers had also arrived during a conflict between the Powhatans and the Chesapeakes, and supposedly were caught in the battle. During the first couple of weeks, the Europeans were attacked by some of the Indians. In the first summer, half of the colonists died from many diseases. The surviving of these colonists did not make much of an attempt to support themselves and their hope was in the Native Americans 'willingness' to feed them.

The Powhatan Uprising began on March 22, 1622 and was an attack of the Indians on the English settlers in Virginia. Hundreds of Powhatans came to the English colony and burned settlements and plantations all along the James River in a very sudden and quick attack. Approximately 350 English colonists were killed and 200 Indians once there was a signed treaty. The Indians attack was somewhat seen as a way to take their land. Edward Waterhouse wrote saying 'We, who hitherto have had possession of no more ground than their waste, and our purchase, may now by right of Warre, and law of Nations, invade the Country, and destroy them who sought to destroy us...'.

The Pequots were one of the most powerful groups in New England at the start of the 1630's. They controlled a large amount of area in what is now Connecticut and dominated many tributary tribes. Many disasters, catastrophies, and epidemics caused the Pequots to loose much of their population, which in turn caused them to loose some grip on their tribitary tribes. In 1636, the Massachusetts Bay colony forced Captain John Endecott to go to Block Island and kill all male Indiand he found there. He burned two of their villages which only resulted in one death. In years to follow, hostilities between the settlers, Pequots, and other small tribes escalated into the first Indian War. The huge end to this war was in 1637, when nearly 300 Pequot men, women, and children were burned out of their villiages, hunted, and then massacred.

Between the years 1630 and 1633, the Great Migration brought around 3,000 settlers to Massachusetts Bay. There were large areas of land that had been cleared and settled by Native Americans that had started to turn back to forest. William Wood talked about places 'where the Indians died of the plague soem fourteen years ago' that then happened to be covered in 'much underwood ...because it hath not been burned'. The Pilgrims then felt they were in a (quote from The Earth Shall Weep) 'hideous and desolate wilderness, full of wild beasts and wild men'. Massachusetts Bay was then arranged in that area that had been greatly cleared of Native Americans.

Thomas Dongan signed a treaty with the Five Nations, respecting their positions and letting them bring other tribes into alliance with the English. Anyone who joined this Chain of Covenant, he said, 'shall be protected from any outrage or force and I shall not suffer them to bee disturbed or harmed, but shall looke upon any violence offered that way, as done to my selfe'. The two sides actually viewed this Covenant Chain differently. For the Iroquis, it meant the same as the principles of the League: being associated with different people who came together for 'mutual defence'. The English viewes the Chain as a pyramid: New York at the top, the Iroquis (and New England Colonies) in the middle, and other dependent Native Americans at the bottom of this pyramid.

This period of time meant complete revolution for the Native Americans. They were hurt so badly as a society that they almost ceased to exist at all after these changes in their lives. They lost and forgot who they were and had been during this. They also forgot how they worked as a culture and how to get that back again. The Indians were no longer united and they lost their ability to trade well. The many Indians who died also did not help them to advance during this revolution, and the ones who were left afterwards could not keep up with their old culture. They ended up losing all that they had and could not gain it back again.

Abstract: This paper will compare and contrast the Early Jamestown settlers with the Plymouth colony while relating the different interactions with the Native Americans of their regions. It will also show how religion and social interactions affected the relations between the Native Americans with the English settlers if different colonies and different settlements. Sources and support include The Earth Shall Weep by James Wilson, websites (http://www.apva.org/history/index.html, http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h519.html, http://teacher.scholastic.com/researchtools/researchstarters/plymouth/, and http://www.vcdh.virginia.edu/teaching/jamestown/images/jsmith.jpg) as well as classroom discussions.

Exam #2

~Jamestown & Plymouth Colonies~

The English Jamestown colony along with the English Plymouth Puritan colony pilgrims each had their own reasons and ways of interacting and working with the Native Americans. These interactions can be seen through the reasons for each of these colonies coming to America, religion, King Phillip's War, and also the Powhatan Uprising.

The Jamestown colony was sent by King James I in June of 1606 as a group of entrepreneurs from London they called the Virginia Company . Many of the artisans, craftsmen, and laborers that came to North America helped with every effort that they had to make this colony succeed. The English settling groups have claimed their intentions to have been to spread Christianity, although many say that their real intentions were to find gold and silver. The reason for the move was to make money and they did that by developing exports for England. The settlers also depended on the Native Americans to have the necessary food for their survival and continued to take the food from them. This did not happen to give them a stable economy or colony, they were simply interested in money and knew that the Natives would have food they could live on and take whenever they needed it. This made it difficult for the Natives of Jamestown, who wanted to still have trade with the English, but wanted their food for themselves as well. The Jamestown colony tried to keep things how they were with the Natives, and did so by letting them be afraid. The Jamestown settlers possibly even planned to depend upon the Indians as they got their trade started, but knew they would have to be careful so not to insult them in any way. One of the biggest difficulties once this colony was settled was that they needed soldiers, farmers and craftsmen, but all that they had were men who were not used to manual labor. They wasted time and energy on looking for gold and silver and other ways of making easy money, when they would soon be depending on crops having been planted. These actions resulted in over one-third of the colonists dying of malaria, typhoid fever, scurvy, and dysentery. Later, the colony developed a cash crop of tobacco for their exports and which helped boost their colony and economy.

The Plymouth colony was America's first permanent Puritan settlement and was established in December of 1620 by English Separatist Puritans. The name Puritans was given to the extreme Protestants in the Church of England, who wanted to purify their national church by removing all Catholic influence it had. Many Puritans moved to the New World to find a commonwealth in New England in the 17th century. Among these people were the Pilgrims who founded the Plymouth colony in 1620. During the colonial period, Puritanism had much direct impact on religious thought as well as cultural patterns in America. It's influence in the 19th century did not have a direct effect, although can still be seen in the importance of education in religious leadership and religious motivations. This Puritan colony left England to find religious freedom and a better life with it as well. The settlers began to build shelters for the harsh winter, although by the end of the winter half of the colonists had died. The Puritan colony did not depend upon their trade and wanted to have independence and a stable lifestyle for themselves. Although they did trade with the Natives, they were not dependent only on them. The Puritans came to North America for a very different reason than that of the Jamestown settlers. They came to America because of their separatist religion. This, along with their religion, therefore affected how they interacted with the Natives. Which also meant that they did not need to be involved at all with the Natives for survival. Although, Squanto taught the colonists to plant corn, gather fruits, and to catch fish. The Puritans also got to meet the Indian Samoset, who then introduced them to Massasoit (chief of the Wampanoag Indians) with whom they signed a peace treaty.

The Powhatan Uprising was a fight between the Powhatan Indians and the people of the Jamestown colony. It came about because of some of their recent conflicts and tradings of the Jamestown settlers. The result was an attack on the Jamestown colony by the Indians in which killed almost three-hundred and fifty colonists. The uprising was very short and did not extend beyond this. After the death of Massasoit, the Wampanoag tried to get rid of the English settlers resulting in the King Philip's war. It was named after Philip, who was the son of Massasoit. The war lasted from 1675 to 1676, and happens to be the most destructive Indian war in New England's history. Fighting started at the frontier settlement of Swansea in June of 1675, which then resulted in conflict between Indians and the English across parts of New England, including colonies of Plymouth, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. Eventually other colonial parties forced even greater destruction onto the Indians, until they were defeated and did not resist and fight back again.

The two colonies of Jamestown and Plymouth both came to America for different reason and therefore had different interactions with the Natives and different reason to interact with them as well. The Puritan colony settled in North America because they wanted to practice their religion and live with no other influences on it as well as their culture. When there were common disputes between the Puritans and the Natives, the colony wanted to settle everything for the purpose of their religion and way of life. This can be seen in the length of the Powhatan Uprising. The Jamestown colony differed from this because their reason for coming to America was for trade and exports. This also meant that they did not get along and interact with the Indians as well as the Puritan settlers. For this reason, they almost always had some conflict with the Natives. The different reasons for these colonies to settle in North America meant that they also had a different purpose for interaction with the Native Americans.

Abstract: Looking at the Native Americans and the Europeans, this paper will discuss whether a civilization can develop while living in cyclical time. A civilizations concept of time can greatly affect how they develop together as well as how quickly. Support and sources include The Earth Shall Weep by James Wilson as well as http://www.abia29.hemscott.net/Inner_Dialogues.htm and discussions in class.

~Cyclical Time vs. Linear Time~

Looking at Native Americans and Europeans

by Alex Butler

How if, some day or night, a demon were to steal after you into your loneliest loneliness and say to you:

"This life, as you now live it and have lived it, you will have to live once more and innumerable times more; and there will be nothing new in it but every pain and every joy and every thought and every sigh. And everything unutterably small or great in your life must return to you, all in the same succession and sequence, even this spider and this moonlight between the trees, and even this moment and I myself.

The eternal hourglass of existence is turned over and over and you with it, a mere grain of sand."

From The Joyful Science, by Friedrich Nietzsche

Time is a very important part of a civilizations development and growth. Two different kinds of time, or ways of looking at time, are linear time and cyclical time. Time is one of the most important aspects to a successful civilization, and civilizations ultimately can depend on how they define or view time. If Native American and European civilizations are compared, it can be seen whether a civilization can or cannot develop while living in cyclical time.

When looking at cyclical time, it is observed as a 'timeline' that is actually a big circle. When looking at this, it seems that time has no beginning or end, but the future and the past are joined at one point. It implies that the future has already happened and that it is already determined. This means that nothing can be changed or 'improved' as well as meaning that, in all of time, there is no final place to end up and no ultimate purpose for anything. Linear, on the other hand, is observed as more of a straight line, or as the typical timeline. Linear time has a set or definite beginning as well as a set or definite end. It is also always moving on a certain path towards a certain point or a certain goal. With linear time, it progresses and looks toward the future and possible opportunities.

Different civilizations that use cyclical time cannot actually directly experience time, they can only experience what is with them or what they are doing 'here and now'. This means that their time is only a certain way of interpreting what they perceive, which is also the same with linear time, the straight-traditional model.

The Europeans were a civilization that lived in linear time. Their beliefs were that God created the world and that the world would end after so much an amount of time, there was a creation and eventually would be an end. They wanted to try and advance as much as they possibly could to better themselves for their future as a civilization. They knew that they would have to advance themselves so that they would have the best possible to them in their future. Their linear time was not only a straight timeline, it was also a line of constant progression. However, the Native Americans cyclical view of time created a very different view of their civilizations own future. The Native Americans were a part of the earth and the land that they lived on, and were connected with it for such reasons. Cyclical time can be viewed sometimes in Native American myths or stories. They also did not believe that they were, in any way, deprived of or lacking anything in their lives or in their civilization that they needed to improve upon and so they did not find it necessary to develop into something more. They did not think of their future because they were content with their lives and their cyclical way of thinking did not need them to think about anything such as future betterment for them.

The Europeans were always interested in the future when dealing with their food and crops. They started a mass production of the crops that they could have available to them so that they would be better off in the future. They needed to make sure that they would be set for a progressing future and would never struggle to advance their civilization. Europeans were always working for wealth and progression. The linear timeline follows this developing and progressing path of the Europeans. The Native Americans worked as well, although only just as much as they had to. They would only grow enough food they needed for one year and they knew that to be enough for their civilization. They wold know that they could do the same thing in the next cyclical cycle and they would survive with only what they needed for that certain point in their time. The cyclical timeline follows this as the Native Americans knew only the 'here and now' of their survival.

When the Europeans saw how them Native Americans were living, they wanted to change and advance things. The Native Americans were not using all of their land and resources as the Europeans were. They thought that the Native Americans were insane and some used this as an excuse to say that they were not good enough as people. These Europeans knew only of linear time and of advancing and gaining all that you possibly could by using absolutely all that you had to make it happen. The Native Americans living in cyclical time were obviously not at all focused on their economy and their 'underdevelopment'.

With these civilizations two conflicting religions, the Europeans did not have an easy time trying to move the Indians to maximize the use of their land. The Native Americans religion related them directly to a certain place on their land. This place would have a certain significance to a legend, myth, or story for the Indians. The Europeans did not understand this thinking because their christian religion could be practiced anyplace and did not have any special connection to any particular place for it to have meaning. Problems were caused because of this when Europeans wanted to use their land to its fullest and they wanted the Native Americans to move to a different place.

In looking at the differences between a civilization living in linear time and one in cyclical time, it is right to say that the outcomes are very different. The Europeans could maximize their use of resources in order to develop the best future they could have. The Native Americans only cared to use their resources enough to survive. It can be seen that the Europeans, living in linear time, thought about progression and development and it worked well enough that they could maximize their future as they pleased. It can also be seen that the Native Americans could have cared less about their future and did not care to think about it until it arrived. By looking at these, it can be said that the Native Americans were also very happy and content with the way they lived and felt no need for change. In conclusion, civilizations living in cyclical time cannot advance, although they can produce enough so that they stay alive and do not fall apart, if not for an outside invasion of their way of life.

My Essay Question

Can a civilization advance/develop living in cyclical time?

Abstract: This paper will talk about how, thinking about history, we may need to "cultivate a skeptical faith, avoid dogma, listen and watch well, try to clarify and define ends, the better to choose means", as David S. Landes said in his book The Wealth and Poverty of Nations. Looking at hundreds of years of history, we possibly need to think about these words and how this could be a trend in history.

Honors History 10 Mid Term Essay

by Alex Butler

There are things in history that happen over and over and we are supposed to learn lessons from doing these things over and over, correct? There must be lessons that we should learn over hundreds and hundreds of years of doing things that people before us have done. The question is; do we need to keep trying? Is this the lesson that the past 600 years has brought to teach us? It could possibly be that all we need to do is to try and try until we get things right. According to chapter 29 in The Wealth and Poverty of Nations(1 ) we also need to "cultivate a skeptical faith, avoid dogma, listen and watch well, try to clarify and define ends, the better to choose means". What this means is that we need to improve our skepticism of faith, to avoid believing something just because it is what others believe, to learn as we listen and watch, and to try and clarify and define what we believe to be true and knowledgeable. What I get from this is that we need to keep learning and questioning and watching what is happening in our world and try to improve ourselves.

What we learn from history is going to help the future, in a sense. We learn how and how not do do things. As stated in class many times, Thomas Edison(2 ) was asked how he felt about not being able to find a way to make the light bulb work, he stated "I found 3,000 ways how not to make a light bulb". Things that people learn do not always have to be the 'right' way of doing something, or how something is 'supposed' to be done. We can also learn from doing things the 'wrong' way, or in a way that does not work the way we want or need it to. We can learn from history, not necessarily the correct way of doing things, but a different way that was already tried and we could improve upon.

To look at this question by means of 'the flat world' in The World is Flat(3 ) , there are examples of how and why we need to keep trying. The flat world had changed the way business and communication is done all over the world. Instead of now using horse and buggie to deliver a handwritten letter to someone, all you have to do is type something on your computer, hit send, and it is available to the person within seconds. Would we still be using horse and buggie to deliver mail to people if we had not kept trying to improve and had questioned what was always done? I would think probably not. If we had not always questioned what we could do to improve communication, would we be where we are today?

We might want to "cultivate a skeptical faith" by finding an equal ground for different beliefs, if at all possible. Maybe we need to avoid improving a skeptical faith and possibly be skeptical of faith. During the Enlightenment(4 ) and Scientific Revolution(5 ), when the church had power as well as many beliefs disapproving discoveries in science it brought about the question; 'what criteria can we go by to help us to define what is truth'? Many of these same views and beliefs still have people in conflict today as well. The Scientific Revolution was a time when there was a lot of discovery (as well as development and improvement) in science. It gained its connection to religion during this time as well when it questioned the traditional religious views of the Universe as well as the way people understood the Bible.

The reason for people questioning and trying to define a better truth was to learn and be educated. We learned that humanists started to question and search for truth during the scientific revolution in order to better themselves in their life and to live as individuals and not only as part of a group. Humanism(6 ) made people begin to see themselves as a person who could break out of a certain way of doing things and try something new. They were not only part of a group anymore, but individual people. People tried to develop new knowledge and ways of understanding certain things. The way to do just that was and is to question things all around you. Be sure that you improve yourself and the world that you live in by finding all the knowledge that you can, in any way that you can.

In his book, Of the Religion of Deism Compared with the Christian Religion(7 ) , Thomas Paine says that all religious members are deists and that "they need none of those tricks and shows called miracles to confirm his faith, for what can be a greater miracle than the creation itself, and his own existence". He is saying that religious people can be sure of God by his own existence. Which means that he also is saying there is no need for questioning, because you have all of the evidence and knowledge that you need already.

Humans need knowledge. There is not a way that humans could keep gaining knowledge if they did not question and want to learn. We need to try to gain knowledge in order to advance and develop as humans as well as a world and as a whole. Humans should never accept something as it is. We need to try to improve it and make it better for themselves as well as for others in the future. To question things in life is to learn about yourself and improve things for the future. Asking is improving your life

ABSTRACT: The Industrial Revolution brought about new changes with technology. Many inventions were innovated including the steam engine, electric power, railroads, advances in transportation, and also the steamship as well. This went into a world of "higher incomes and cheaper commodities, unheard-of-devices and materials, insatiable appetites. New, new, new. Money, money, money". Dr. Samuel Johnson said "all the business of the world is to be done in a new way".

The Industrial Revolution

~Mental or Material?~

by Alexandra Butler

The process of the Industrial Revolution could be interpreted by being either mostly a mental or mostly a physical revolution. There are many ways to look at how the Industrial Revolution changed the way things were done in many instances. It brought about new innovations and that in turn made this period of time 'the Industrial Revolution'. People 'industrialized' technology and that helped to industrialize the way that many things were done by humans. "The Industrial Revolution brought the world closer together, made it smaller and more homogenous. But the same revolution fragmented the globe by estranging winners and losers. It begat multiple worlds".

The Industrial Revolution could be defined as the time of power machinery turned to manufacturing. It is still going on in some places in thw world as well. Europe, in the eighteenth century, began to industrialize very quickly, although this whole process was probably most quickly industrialized in England. Although, by 1850, western Europe was fairly industrialized because of the coming of electricity as well as cheap steel speeded up the whole process.

There were many technological changes during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries including methods of making glass, clocks, and also chemicals. During this time, these methods advanced greatly with technology. By the start of the eighteenth century in England, many people were already using machines in manufacturing. The steam engine was one of the machines which helped the industrial development in Europe. The use of electricity for machines was limited and cost very high prices through the nineteenth century. Up until about 1900, the only cheap electricity that was used was the electricity made by generators using falling water in mountains of parts of France as well as Italy. Europe eventually gained electricity to use, in the twentieth century. Germany gained electricity in the 1920's, and Great Britain had electricity nearly all over the country by 1936. Electricity was also a huge factor in the quickly changing industrialization of Russia during the 1930's.

What these changes and innovations meant was that machines would now be substituted for human work, effort and skill. This also meant that sources of power opened up a new limitless supply of energy. During the Industrial Revolution (as stated in The Wealth and Poverty of Nations, pg. 187), both the economy and knowledge were growing fast enough to generate a continuing flow of improvements. It also changed political power in nations, between nations, and also between civilizations. It also changed the social order. The Industrial Revolution changed ways that people thought as much as ways that people did things. The word 'revolution' could mean many varying things. It could mean simply 'transformation' or it could mean a 'turning'. In the book The Wealth and Poverty of Nations, David S. Landes uses revolution to mean "instance of great change or alteration in affairs or some particular thing". Revolutions can be considered good, or something that changes everything. Or they can be considered bad, or destructive of things of value. Revolutions note that it takes many small, as well as large, improvements to make an idea into a way of doing things.

On page 191 of The Wealth and Poverty of Nations, it says that "innovation was catching because the principles that underlay a given technique could take many forms, find many uses". This means that there could be many ideas put together to make one thing work, and that these ideas could also be used in another way with other ideas, to make other things work. Examples from the book include; if you could print or make fabric by using cylinders, you could also print or make wallpaper that same way. You could use it to print text faster than by using a press, and make cheap tabliods and novels by the hundreds of thousands. The early economists did not have statistical proof. They relied on history and on personal observations. "We now put our trust in hard data provided they are sanctioned by theory". We probably expect the economic historians to have put their own trust in hard, numerical data, although only if they are proved by historical evidence.

We can see that through the Industrial Revolution came many new ideas and thoughts as how to do things mostly involving manufacturing. It can be seen that there was a lot of thought put into making new innovations in technology and thinking about how things would work and work together. It seems that the Industrial Revolution took a lot of mental skill from humans to 'industrialize' ways of doing things. This also meant that once things were 'industrialized' people did not have to work as hard to get things done, they relied on 'materials' to do things for them. Thinking of the Industrial Revolution like this, you can see how people could consider it either a mental revolution or a material revolution.